Sync: after a read from the beginning, remove what the server no longer has, and flag an edit that brings a forgotten item back

The server now forgets a deletion past its retention and refuses cursors
from before it. The client then reads everything again, but everything
again says nothing about what went. So a machine away for longer than the
retention kept those items for good, and its next edit of one put it back
on the server for everyone.

A read from the beginning now marks each item it reads, keeping the mark in
the sync state because the read can span passes. When it finishes, it
removes the items of the synced types it never marked. Two kinds are kept:
items newer than the read's bound, which this machine pushed during it, and
items with a change still waiting, which are the user's work. For those,
the push finds the server without the item and sends it as a create, as
before, but now records a RecreatedAfterCollection conflict and counts it,
so the sync message says so instead of undoing someone's deletion silently.

The bound is the highest sequence the cache held when the read began, or
anything higher it has read since. Taking only what the read returned would
have left the last item of a vault in place for ever.

docs/adr/0003-sync-protocol.md

@@ -68,7 +68,15 @@ the Npgsql connection string** — the default; do not enable multiplexing.
   visible conflicted copy for opaque ones. **It must never silently drop a key or a host.**
 - Deletes are revisioned tombstones, garbage-collected after 90 days. Sync must therefore be
   able to read tombstones, which is the one place that legitimately bypasses the soft-delete
-  query filter — guarded by an explicit permission check.
+  query filter — guarded by an explicit permission check. **The collection has since been built**
+  (`TombstoneCollector`), and it costs a machine away for longer than the retention its news of
+  those deletions. So a collection raises the vault's sync horizon, and a cursor from before it is
+  refused. The client then reads from the beginning, and when that read finishes it removes the
+  items it held that the read never mentioned. An item with an unsent local edit is kept: the
+  push finds the server without it, puts it back, and records a `RecreatedAfterCollection`
+  conflict. A cursor carries the horizon it was issued under. Without that, the read from the
+  beginning would be refused on its own early pages, which sit behind the horizon whenever an
+  older item survives.
 - **An `Infrastructure.Tests` case must prove cursor ordering under N concurrent pushes.**
   Without it this ADR's central bug is invisible until production.
 - Two concurrency mechanisms, deliberately: `version integer` is the client-visible monotonic

src/DodoSSH.Api/Features/Sync/SyncLog.cs

@@ -27,4 +27,16 @@ internal static partial class SyncLog
         int appliedCount,
         int operationCount,
         Guid vaultId);
+
+    [LoggerMessage(
+        EventId = 2003,
+        Level = LogLevel.Information,
+        Message = "Collected {Count} expired tombstone(s) and superseded change-log entries.")]
+    internal static partial void Collected(ILogger logger, int count);
+
+    [LoggerMessage(
+        EventId = 2004,
+        Level = LogLevel.Warning,
+        Message = "Tombstone collection failed; it will run again at the next interval.")]
+    internal static partial void CollectionFailed(ILogger logger, Exception exception);
 }

src/DodoSSH.Api/Features/Sync/SyncService.cs

@@ -26,12 +26,59 @@ internal sealed class SyncService(
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var afterSequence = 0L;
+        var issuedUnder = 0L;
         if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.Cursor)
-            && !SyncCursor.TryDecode(cursorKeys.Key, request.Cursor, vault.Id, out afterSequence))
+            && !SyncCursor.TryDecode(cursorKeys.Key, request.Cursor, vault.Id, out afterSequence, out issuedUnder))
         {
             throw new InvalidCursorException();
         }
 
+        // Read before the changes, for the cursor this read hands out; see the check after it.
+        var horizonBefore = await HorizonAsync(vault.Id, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        var (changes, hasMore) = await ReadPageAsync(vault.Id, afterSequence, request, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // ◆ After the read, not before it. The collector deletes a tombstone's entries and raises the horizon
+        // in one transaction, so a read that already missed an entry is followed by a horizon that says so;
+        // checked first, the two could straddle a collection and the deletion would go unnoticed for good.
+        //
+        // A cursor behind the horizon is refused only if it was issued before it. One issued since belongs to
+        // a read from the beginning that started after the collection, and its early pages are behind the
+        // horizon because old, untouched items are; refusing those would send that read back to the start
+        // for ever. See SyncCursor.
+        var horizon = await HorizonAsync(vault.Id, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (afterSequence > 0 && afterSequence < horizon && issuedUnder < horizon)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidCursorException();
+        }
+
+        var hydrated = await HydrateAsync(vault, changes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // When nothing came back the cursor must not move, or a concurrent write landing between
+        // this read and the next would be skipped forever.
+        var nextSequence = changes.Count > 0 ? changes[^1].Sequence : afterSequence;
+
+        return new SyncPullResponse(
+            Changes: hydrated,
+            // The horizon from before the read, never the one after: a collection landing between the two
+            // could have taken an entry this page would otherwise have carried, and a cursor claiming the
+            // later horizon would vouch for a client that never heard of it. The earlier one costs at most
+            // a restart.
+            NextCursor: SyncCursor.Encode(cursorKeys.Key, vault.Id, nextSequence, horizonBefore),
+            HasMore: hasMore,
+            ServerTime: clock.GetUtcNow(),
+            CurrentKeyGeneration: (uint)vault.KeyGeneration);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The changes after a position, one page of them, and whether there are more.</summary>
+    private async Task<(List<VaultChange> Changes, bool HasMore)> ReadPageAsync(
+        Guid vaultId,
+        long afterSequence,
+        SyncPullRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
         var limit = Math.Clamp(
             request.Limit ?? options.DefaultPullLimit,
             1,
@@ -43,7 +90,7 @@ internal sealed class SyncService(
 
         // One extra row, so "is there more" needs no second query.
         var query = database.VaultChanges
-            .Where(c => c.VaultId == vault.Id && c.Sequence > afterSequence);
+            .Where(c => c.VaultId == vaultId && c.Sequence > afterSequence);
 
         if (types is not null)
         {
@@ -62,18 +109,7 @@ internal sealed class SyncService(
             changes.RemoveAt(changes.Count - 1);
         }
 
-        var hydrated = await HydrateAsync(vault, changes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-        // When nothing came back the cursor must not move, or a concurrent write landing between
-        // this read and the next would be skipped forever.
-        var nextSequence = changes.Count > 0 ? changes[^1].Sequence : afterSequence;
-
-        return new SyncPullResponse(
-            Changes: hydrated,
-            NextCursor: SyncCursor.Encode(cursorKeys.Key, vault.Id, nextSequence),
-            HasMore: hasMore,
-            ServerTime: clock.GetUtcNow(),
-            CurrentKeyGeneration: (uint)vault.KeyGeneration);
+        return (changes, hasMore);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -622,14 +658,30 @@ internal sealed class SyncService(
     /// <summary>The kind behind a change-log entry, or null for a type this server does not synchronise.</summary>
     private static IItemKind? KindForChange(ChangeEntityType type) => ItemKinds.For(ToWire(type));
 
-    private async Task<long> CurrentHeadAsync(Guid vaultId, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
-        await database.VaultChanges
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Never below the vault's horizon: collecting a tombstone can take the newest entries with it, and a
+    /// head reported lower than a cursor the client already holds would rewind it under the horizon and
+    /// cost a full resync for nothing.
+    /// </remarks>
+    private async Task<long> CurrentHeadAsync(Guid vaultId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var head = await database.VaultChanges
             .Where(c => c.VaultId == vaultId)
             .OrderByDescending(c => c.Sequence)
             .Select(c => c.Sequence)
             .FirstOrDefaultAsync(cancellationToken)
             .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
+        return Math.Max(head, await HorizonAsync(vaultId, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false));
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The vault's horizon as the database holds it now, not as the request loaded it.</summary>
+    private Task<long> HorizonAsync(Guid vaultId, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        database.Vaults
+            .Where(v => v.Id == vaultId)
+            .Select(v => v.SyncHorizon)
+            .SingleAsync(cancellationToken);
+
     private static SyncPushResult Invalid(SyncPushOperation operation, string detail) =>
         new(
             operation.OperationId,

src/DodoSSH.Api/Features/Sync/TombstoneCollector.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+using DodoSSH.Api.Setup;
+using DodoSSH.Domain;
+using DodoSSH.Infrastructure;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+
+namespace DodoSSH.Api.Features.Sync;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Removes tombstones past their retention, and change-log entries a later one has superseded.
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// <para>
+/// ADR 0003 promised this and nothing did it: every deletion stayed a row for ever, and every edit stayed a
+/// change-log entry for ever, so the log grew without bound and a client starting from nothing walked every
+/// edit ever made to read the items that exist.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// <b>Superseded entries go at any time.</b> A pull returns entries after a cursor in order, so a client
+/// before both an item's old entry and its new one reads the new one, and a client between them already has
+/// the old one. Nothing reads history: a conflict resolves against the newest entry alone.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// <b>Tombstones go after the retention</b>, and taking them is the one change here a client can notice: a
+/// machine that last synced before the deletion would never hear of it. So each vault records the highest
+/// sequence collected from it — <see cref="Vault.SyncHorizon"/> — and a pull from a cursor below that is
+/// refused. The client answers by starting over, and a pull from nothing removes what the server no longer
+/// has; see the client's <c>SyncEngine</c>.
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// Per vault under the same advisory lock a push takes, so a collection never interleaves with a write to
+/// the vault — and the items are read again under it, so one restored since it was found is left alone.
+/// </para>
+/// </remarks>
+internal sealed class TombstoneCollector(
+    DodoDbContext database,
+    IOptions<SyncOptions> syncOptions,
+    TimeProvider clock,
+    ILogger<TombstoneCollector> logger)
+{
+    /// <summary>Collects what is due, once.</summary>
+    /// <returns>How many tombstones and superseded entries went.</returns>
+    internal async Task<int> RunOnceAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var before = clock.GetUtcNow() - TimeSpan.FromDays(syncOptions.Value.TombstoneRetentionDays);
+
+        var collected = 0;
+
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.Hosts, ChangeEntityType.SshHost, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.SshKeys, ChangeEntityType.SshKey, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.Credentials, ChangeEntityType.Credential, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.KnownHostKeys, ChangeEntityType.KnownHostKey, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.HostGroups, ChangeEntityType.HostGroup, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.Tags, ChangeEntityType.Tag, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.Snippets, ChangeEntityType.Snippet, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.ConnectionLog, ChangeEntityType.ConnectionLogEntry, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.ActivityLog, ChangeEntityType.ActivityLogEntry, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.ObjectStores, ChangeEntityType.ObjectStore, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        collected += await CollectAsync(db => db.SpelunkKeys, ChangeEntityType.SpelunkKey, before, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        collected += await CompactAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        SyncLog.Collected(logger, collected);
+
+        return collected;
+    }
+
+    private async Task<int> CollectAsync<T>(
+        Func<DodoDbContext, DbSet<T>> table,
+        ChangeEntityType type,
+        DateTimeOffset before,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        where T : class, IVaultItem
+    {
+        var due = await table(database)
+            .Where(item => item.DeletedAtUtc != null && item.DeletedAtUtc < before)
+            .Select(item => new { item.VaultId, item.Id })
+            .ToListAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        var collected = 0;
+
+        foreach (var vault in due.GroupBy(item => item.VaultId))
+        {
+            var ids = vault.Select(item => item.Id).ToArray();
+
+            collected += await database.ExecuteFreshAsync(
+                [],
+                () => CollectFromVaultAsync(table, type, vault.Key, ids, before, cancellationToken))
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        return collected;
+    }
+
+    private async Task<int> CollectFromVaultAsync<T>(
+        Func<DodoDbContext, DbSet<T>> table,
+        ChangeEntityType type,
+        Guid vaultId,
+        Guid[] ids,
+        DateTimeOffset before,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        where T : class, IVaultItem
+    {
+        var transaction = await database.Database.BeginTransactionAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await using var _ = transaction.ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await database.Database
+            .ExecuteSqlAsync($"SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtextextended({vaultId.ToString()}, 0))", cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // Read again under the lock: an item restored since it was found is no longer due.
+        var still = await table(database)
+            .Where(item => item.VaultId == vaultId
+                && ids.Contains(item.Id)
+                && item.DeletedAtUtc != null
+                && item.DeletedAtUtc < before)
+            .Select(item => new { item.Id, item.ChangeSequence })
+            .ToListAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (still.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        var going = still.Select(item => item.Id).ToArray();
+        var horizon = still.Max(item => item.ChangeSequence);
+
+        await table(database)
+            .Where(item => item.VaultId == vaultId && going.Contains(item.Id))
+            .ExecuteDeleteAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await database.VaultChanges
+            .Where(change => change.VaultId == vaultId && change.EntityType == type && going.Contains(change.EntityId))
+            .ExecuteDeleteAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await database.Vaults
+            .Where(v => v.Id == vaultId && v.SyncHorizon < horizon)
+            .ExecuteUpdateAsync(set => set.SetProperty(v => v.SyncHorizon, horizon), cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        await transaction.CommitAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return still.Count;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Removes every change-log entry a later entry for the same item has superseded.</summary>
+    private Task<int> CompactAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        database.Database.ExecuteSqlRawAsync(
+            "DELETE FROM " + DodoDbContext.SchemaName + ".sync_change AS older "
+            + "USING " + DodoDbContext.SchemaName + ".sync_change AS newer "
+            + "WHERE newer.vault_id = older.vault_id "
+            + "AND newer.entity_type = older.entity_type "
+            + "AND newer.entity_id = older.entity_id "
+            + "AND newer.sequence > older.sequence",
+            cancellationToken);
+}
+
+/// <summary>Runs the <see cref="TombstoneCollector"/> on a schedule, in a scope of its own each time.</summary>
+internal sealed class TombstoneCollectionService(
+    IServiceScopeFactory scopes,
+    IOptions<SyncOptions> syncOptions,
+    TimeProvider clock,
+    ILogger<TombstoneCollectionService> logger) : BackgroundService
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
+    {
+        var interval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(syncOptions.Value.TombstoneCollectionIntervalMinutes);
+
+        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                await Task.Delay(interval, clock, stoppingToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                var scope = scopes.CreateAsyncScope();
+                await using var _ = scope.ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                await scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<TombstoneCollector>()
+                    .RunOnceAsync(stoppingToken)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (exception is not OutOfMemoryException)
+            {
+                // The next run tries again; nothing collected late is harmed by waiting.
+                SyncLog.CollectionFailed(logger, exception);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/DodoSSH.Api/Program.cs

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ builder.Services.AddSingleton<ICursorKeyProvider, CursorKeyProvider>();
 builder.Services.AddSingleton<VaultEventHub>();
 builder.Services.AddSingleton<IVaultEventPublisher, VaultEventFanOut>();
 
+// ADR 0003's tombstone collection, and the compaction of the change log that goes with it.
+builder.Services.AddScoped<TombstoneCollector>();
+builder.Services.AddHostedService<TombstoneCollectionService>();
+
 // The relay's services, its ticket key ring, and a shutdown long enough for its drain. See ADR 0004.
 builder.Services.AddDodoRelay();
 

src/DodoSSH.Api/Setup/DodoOptions.cs

@@ -289,6 +289,10 @@ public sealed class SyncOptions
     [Range(1, 3650)]
     public int TombstoneRetentionDays { get; set; } = 90;
 
+    /// <summary>How often the tombstone collector runs, in minutes.</summary>
+    [Range(1, 7 * 24 * 60)]
+    public int TombstoneCollectionIntervalMinutes { get; set; } = 6 * 60;
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Key used to sign sync cursors, base64.
     /// </summary>

src/DodoSSH.Client.Shell/ViewModels/VaultViewModel.cs

@@ -6451,6 +6451,8 @@ internal sealed partial class VaultViewModel(
             || pass.PushedItems > 0
             || pass.Merged > 0
             || pass.Resurrected > 0
+            || pass.Recreated > 0
+            || pass.Pruned > 0
             || pass.DeletesAbandoned > 0
             || pass.Parked > 0
             || pass.ResyncedFromStart);
@@ -13159,13 +13161,27 @@ internal sealed partial class VaultViewModel(
                 + "the beginning. "
             : string.Empty;
 
+        // Not a matter for attention — the server had already deleted these, and the machine is only catching
+        // up — but said, because items going from the list unannounced looks like losing them.
+        var pruned = report.Pruned > 0
+            ? $" {report.Pruned} item(s) deleted elsewhere while this machine was away were removed."
+            : string.Empty;
+
         if (!report.NeedsAttention)
         {
-            return replayed + (report.Pulled == 0 && report.Pushed == 0
+            return replayed + (report.Pulled == 0 && report.Pushed == 0 && report.Pruned == 0
                 ? "Already up to date."
-                : $"Synchronised: {report.Pulled} in, {report.Pushed} out.");
+                : $"Synchronised: {report.Pulled} in, {report.Pushed} out.") + pruned;
         }
 
+        var notes = AttentionNotes(report);
+
+        return replayed + "Synchronised, but: " + string.Join("; ", notes) + "." + pruned;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>What a pass that needs attention says, one clause per thing.</summary>
+    private static List<string> AttentionNotes(SyncReport report)
+    {
         var notes = new List<string>();
 
         // "item(s)", not "host(s)": a vault now holds keys as well, and a report that named the wrong kind
@@ -13175,6 +13191,11 @@ internal sealed partial class VaultViewModel(
             notes.Add($"{report.Resurrected} item(s) deleted elsewhere were kept under a new name");
         }
 
+        if (report.Recreated > 0)
+        {
+            notes.Add($"{report.Recreated} item(s) deleted elsewhere long ago were put back, with this machine's changes");
+        }
+
         if (report.DeletesAbandoned > 0)
         {
             notes.Add($"{report.DeletesAbandoned} deletion(s) were not applied because of a newer edit");
@@ -13200,7 +13221,7 @@ internal sealed partial class VaultViewModel(
                 + "before you can see anything written since");
         }
 
-        return replayed + "Synchronised, but: " + string.Join("; ", notes) + ".";
+        return notes;
     }
 
     private async Task RunAsync(string busyMessage, Func<Task> work)

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/CacheRows.cs

@@ -240,6 +240,15 @@ internal sealed class CachedItemRow
     public bool IsDeleted { get; set; }
 
     public DateTimeOffset UpdatedAtUtc { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>The last full pull that saw this item on the server; null if none has since this was kept.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The server collects tombstones after their retention (ADR 0003), so a machine away longer than that
+    /// is never told of some deletions: it is refused, starts over, and pulls everything that still exists.
+    /// What the pull from nothing did not mark is what the server no longer has. See
+    /// <c>ItemStore.SweepAsync</c>.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public long? SweepMark { get; set; }
 }
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -361,6 +370,20 @@ internal sealed class SyncStateRow
     /// beside the cursor so a change of list starts the pull over; see <c>SyncEngine.PullAsync</c>.
     /// </remarks>
     public string? PulledTypes { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>The mark of the pull from nothing in progress, or null when none is.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Kept here rather than in memory because a pull from nothing can take several passes — the pages per
+    /// pass are capped — and what it has seen has to survive between them. See <see cref="CachedItemRow.SweepMark"/>.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public long? SweepMark { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>The highest change sequence that pull has read so far.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The sweep's upper bound: an item written here later than this — one this machine pushed while the
+    /// pull was under way — is newer than anything the pull has read, and not evidence of anything.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public long SweepSeenUpTo { get; set; }
 }
 
 /// <summary>Something the merge had to override, or an item that could not be processed.</summary>

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/ItemStore.cs

@@ -177,6 +177,94 @@ public sealed class ItemStore(
         await context.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>Marks the items a pull from nothing has just read as ones the server still has.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>One update per type in the page; see <see cref="SweepAsync"/>.</remarks>
+    public async Task MarkSeenAsync(
+        Guid vaultId,
+        long mark,
+        IReadOnlyCollection<(SyncEntityType Type, Guid Id)> seen,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(seen);
+
+        if (seen.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var context = contexts.CreateDbContext();
+        await using var scope = context.ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        foreach (var group in seen.GroupBy(item => item.Type))
+        {
+            var type = group.Key;
+            var ids = group.Select(item => item.Id).Distinct().ToList();
+
+            await context.Set<CachedItemRow>()
+                .Where(row => row.VaultId == vaultId && row.EntityType == type && ids.Contains(row.EntityId))
+                .ExecuteUpdateAsync(set => set.SetProperty(row => row.SweepMark, mark), cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The highest change sequence held for a vault, or zero for none.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>Where a pull from nothing starts its sweep's upper bound; see <see cref="SweepAsync"/>.</remarks>
+    public async Task<long> HighestSequenceAsync(Guid vaultId, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var context = contexts.CreateDbContext();
+        await using var scope = context.ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return await context.Set<CachedItemRow>()
+            .Where(row => row.VaultId == vaultId)
+            .MaxAsync(row => (long?)row.ChangeSequence, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false) ?? 0;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes the items a completed pull from nothing did not see, which are the ones the server no longer has.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// The other half of the server's tombstone collection. A machine that missed a deletion for longer than
+    /// the retention is refused its cursor and pulls everything again — and everything again does not include
+    /// the item, so its copy here would otherwise last for ever, and its next edit would push it back.
+    /// </para>
+    /// <para>
+    /// ◆ Two kinds of row are not evidence and are kept. One newer than <paramref name="seenUpTo"/> was
+    /// written by this machine's own push during the pull: the bound is the higher of what the cache held
+    /// when the pull began and what it has read since, and the server's head is past both, so a push lands
+    /// above it. One with a change still waiting to go is the user's work: it is
+    /// left for the push, which finds the server without the item and says so — see
+    /// <c>SyncEngine.RetryAsCreateAsync</c> — rather than being thrown away here unseen.
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    /// <returns>How many items went.</returns>
+    public async Task<int> SweepAsync(
+        Guid vaultId,
+        IReadOnlyCollection<SyncEntityType> types,
+        long mark,
+        long seenUpTo,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(types);
+
+        var context = contexts.CreateDbContext();
+        await using var scope = context.ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        // Only the types the pull asked for: a row of any other type was never going to be marked.
+        return await context.Set<CachedItemRow>()
+            .Where(row => row.VaultId == vaultId
+                && types.Contains(row.EntityType)
+                && (row.SweepMark == null || row.SweepMark != mark)
+                && row.ChangeSequence <= seenUpTo
+                && !context.Set<OutboxRow>().Any(pending =>
+                    pending.VaultId == row.VaultId
+                    && pending.EntityType == row.EntityType
+                    && pending.EntityId == row.EntityId))
+            .ExecuteDeleteAsync(cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Removes a tombstone whose change has been seen by everything that needed it.</summary>
     /// <remarks>
     /// Only ever called for a row that is already a tombstone. Collecting a live item here would make

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/Migrations/20261002152108_AddSweepMarks.Designer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+// <auto-generated />
+using System;
+using DodoSSH.Client.Storage;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Infrastructure;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage.ValueConversion;
+
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace DodoSSH.Client.Storage.Migrations
+{
+    [DbContext(typeof(ClientCacheContext))]
+    [Migration("20261002152108_AddSweepMarks")]
+    partial class AddSweepMarks
+    {
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void BuildTargetModel(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
+        {
+#pragma warning disable 612, 618
+            modelBuilder.HasAnnotation("ProductVersion", "10.0.10");
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.CachedItemRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("EntityType")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_type");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("EntityId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte>("AadVersion")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("aad_version");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("ChangeSequence")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("change_sequence");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid?>("DataKeyId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("data_key_id");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("IsDeleted")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("is_deleted");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("Payload")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("payload");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("ProtectedFields")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("protected_fields");
+
+                    b.Property<long?>("SweepMark")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_mark");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("UpdatedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("updated_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("Version")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("version");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("WrappedDataKey")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("wrapped_data_key");
+
+                    b.HasKey("VaultId", "EntityType", "EntityId")
+                        .HasName("pk_item");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "ChangeSequence")
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_item_vault_id_change_sequence");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "EntityType")
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_item_vault_id_entity_type");
+
+                    b.ToTable("item", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.CachedVaultKeyWrapRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("WrappedKey")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("wrapped_key");
+
+                    b.HasKey("VaultId", "KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasName("pk_vault_key_wrap");
+
+                    b.ToTable("vault_key_wrap", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.CachedVaultRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("Hidden")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("hidden");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("IsPersonal")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("is_personal");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("Name")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("name");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("Permissions")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("permissions");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("RekeyRequired")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("rekey_required");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid?>("TeamId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("team_id");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("UpdatedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("updated_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("WrappedVaultKey")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("wrapped_vault_key");
+
+                    b.HasKey("VaultId")
+                        .HasName("pk_vault");
+
+                    b.ToTable("vault", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.ConflictRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<Guid>("Id")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("id");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("Acknowledged")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("acknowledged");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("Detail")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("detail");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("DetectedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("detected_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("EntityId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_id");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("EntityType")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_type");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("Kind")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("kind");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.HasKey("Id")
+                        .HasName("pk_conflict");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "Acknowledged")
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_conflict_vault_id_acknowledged");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "EntityType", "EntityId")
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_conflict_vault_id_entity_type_entity_id");
+
+                    b.ToTable("conflict", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.OutboxRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<long>("Sequence")
+                        .ValueGeneratedOnAdd()
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sequence");
+
+                    b.Property<byte>("AadVersion")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("aad_version");
+
+                    b.Property<byte?>("AncestorAadVersion")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_aad_version");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid?>("AncestorDataKeyId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_data_key_id");
+
+                    b.Property<uint?>("AncestorKeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("AncestorPayload")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_payload");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("AncestorProtectedFields")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_protected_fields");
+
+                    b.Property<int?>("AncestorVersion")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_version");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("AncestorWrappedDataKey")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("ancestor_wrapped_data_key");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("Attempts")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("attempts");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid?>("DataKeyId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("data_key_id");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("EntityId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_id");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("EntityType")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("entity_type");
+
+                    b.Property<int?>("ExpectedVersion")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("expected_version");
+
+                    b.Property<bool>("IsParked")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("is_parked");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("LastError")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("last_error");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("Operation")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("operation");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("OperationId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("operation_id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("Payload")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("payload");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("ProtectedFields")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("protected_fields");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("QueuedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("queued_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("WrappedDataKey")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("wrapped_data_key");
+
+                    b.HasKey("Sequence")
+                        .HasName("pk_outbox");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("OperationId")
+                        .IsUnique()
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_outbox_operation_id");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "EntityType", "EntityId")
+                        .IsUnique()
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_outbox_vault_id_entity_type_entity_id");
+
+                    b.HasIndex("VaultId", "IsParked", "Sequence")
+                        .HasDatabaseName("ix_outbox_vault_id_is_parked_sequence");
+
+                    b.ToTable("outbox", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.RememberedSignInRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<int>("Id")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("SealedRefreshToken")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("sealed_refresh_token");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("UpdatedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("updated_at_utc");
+
+                    b.HasKey("Id")
+                        .HasName("pk_remembered_sign_in");
+
+                    b.ToTable("remembered_sign_in", null, t =>
+                        {
+                            t.HasCheckConstraint("ck_remembered_sign_in_singleton", "id = 1");
+                        });
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.SyncStateRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<Guid>("VaultId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("vault_id");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("Cursor")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("cursor");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<long?>("LastPulledAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("last_pulled_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<long?>("LastPushedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("last_pushed_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("PulledTypes")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("pulled_types");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("ServerTimeSkewMs")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("server_time_skew_ms");
+
+                    b.Property<long?>("SweepMark")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_mark");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("SweepSeenUpTo")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_seen_up_to");
+
+                    b.HasKey("VaultId")
+                        .HasName("pk_sync_state");
+
+                    b.ToTable("sync_state", (string)null);
+                });
+
+            modelBuilder.Entity("DodoSSH.Client.Storage.UnlockMaterialRow", b =>
+                {
+                    b.Property<int>("Id")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("id");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid?>("DeviceId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("device_id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("DeviceWrappedPrivateKey")
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("device_wrapped_private_key");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("DisplayName")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("display_name");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("Email")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("email");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("Issuer")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("issuer");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("KdfAlgorithm")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("kdf_algorithm");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("KdfMemoryKibibytes")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("kdf_memory_kibibytes");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("KdfParallelism")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("kdf_parallelism");
+
+                    b.Property<int>("KdfPasses")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("kdf_passes");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("KdfSalt")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("kdf_salt");
+
+                    b.Property<uint>("KeyGeneration")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("key_generation");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("ServerUrl")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("server_url");
+
+                    b.Property<string>("Subject")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("subject");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("UpdatedAtUtc")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("updated_at_utc");
+
+                    b.Property<Guid>("UserId")
+                        .HasColumnType("TEXT")
+                        .HasColumnName("user_id");
+
+                    b.Property<byte[]>("WrappedPrivateKey")
+                        .IsRequired()
+                        .HasColumnType("BLOB")
+                        .HasColumnName("wrapped_private_key");
+
+                    b.HasKey("Id")
+                        .HasName("pk_unlock_material");
+
+                    b.ToTable("unlock_material", null, t =>
+                        {
+                            t.HasCheckConstraint("ck_unlock_material_singleton", "id = 1");
+                        });
+                });
+#pragma warning restore 612, 618
+        }
+    }
+}

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/Migrations/20261002152108_AddSweepMarks.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
+
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace DodoSSH.Client.Storage.Migrations
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public partial class AddSweepMarks : Migration
+    {
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.AddColumn<long>(
+                name: "sweep_mark",
+                table: "sync_state",
+                type: "INTEGER",
+                nullable: true);
+
+            migrationBuilder.AddColumn<long>(
+                name: "sweep_seen_up_to",
+                table: "sync_state",
+                type: "INTEGER",
+                nullable: false,
+                defaultValue: 0L);
+
+            migrationBuilder.AddColumn<long>(
+                name: "sweep_mark",
+                table: "item",
+                type: "INTEGER",
+                nullable: true);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Down(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.DropColumn(
+                name: "sweep_mark",
+                table: "sync_state");
+
+            migrationBuilder.DropColumn(
+                name: "sweep_seen_up_to",
+                table: "sync_state");
+
+            migrationBuilder.DropColumn(
+                name: "sweep_mark",
+                table: "item");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/Migrations/ClientCacheContextModelSnapshot.cs

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ namespace DodoSSH.Client.Storage.Migrations
                         .HasColumnType("BLOB")
                         .HasColumnName("protected_fields");
 
+                    b.Property<long?>("SweepMark")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_mark");
+
                     b.Property<long>("UpdatedAtUtc")
                         .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
                         .HasColumnName("updated_at_utc");
@@ -370,6 +374,14 @@ namespace DodoSSH.Client.Storage.Migrations
                         .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
                         .HasColumnName("server_time_skew_ms");
 
+                    b.Property<long?>("SweepMark")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_mark");
+
+                    b.Property<long>("SweepSeenUpTo")
+                        .HasColumnType("INTEGER")
+                        .HasColumnName("sweep_seen_up_to");
+
                     b.HasKey("VaultId")
                         .HasName("pk_sync_state");
 

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/StoredTypes.cs

@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ public enum ConflictKind
 
     /// <summary>The server refused the operation outright. Retrying will not help.</summary>
     Rejected = 6,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Someone else deleted an item this machine had edited, so long ago that the server had already let go
+    /// of the deletion. The edit was sent as the item again, under its own name and id.
+    /// </summary>
+    RecreatedAfterCollection = 7,
 }
 
 /// <summary>What an offline unlock needs.</summary>
@@ -191,7 +197,9 @@ public sealed record StoredSyncState(
     DateTimeOffset? LastPulledAt = null,
     DateTimeOffset? LastPushedAt = null,
     long ServerTimeSkewMs = 0,
-    string? PulledTypes = null);
+    string? PulledTypes = null,
+    long? SweepMark = null,
+    long SweepSeenUpTo = 0);
 
 /// <summary>Something the merge overrode, or an item that could not be processed.</summary>
 /// <param name="Id">This record's own id, which its sealed detail is bound to.</param>

src/DodoSSH.Client.Storage/SyncStateStore.cs

@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ public sealed class SyncStateStore(IDbContextFactory<ClientCacheContext> context
                 row.LastPulledAtUtc,
                 row.LastPushedAtUtc,
                 row.ServerTimeSkewMs,
-                row.PulledTypes);
+                row.PulledTypes,
+                row.SweepMark,
+                row.SweepSeenUpTo);
     }
 
     /// <summary>Records a vault's position.</summary>
@@ -74,6 +76,8 @@ public sealed class SyncStateStore(IDbContextFactory<ClientCacheContext> context
         row.LastPushedAtUtc = state.LastPushedAt;
         row.ServerTimeSkewMs = state.ServerTimeSkewMs;
         row.PulledTypes = state.PulledTypes;
+        row.SweepMark = state.SweepMark;
+        row.SweepSeenUpTo = state.SweepSeenUpTo;
 
         await context.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
     }

src/DodoSSH.Client.Sync/SyncEngine.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
 using DodoSSH.Client.Api;
 using DodoSSH.Client.Storage;
 using DodoSSH.Contracts;
@@ -155,23 +156,12 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
             }
 
             await ApplyPageAsync(vaultId, response.Changes, report, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            foreach (var change in response.Changes)
-            {
-                report.Pulled++;
-
-                // Counted apart for the same reason the pushed ones are: a machine reads back the log
-                // entries it just wrote, so a pass that "pulled five changes" may have carried nothing
-                // anybody did. See SyncReport.PulledItems.
-                if (IsLog(change.EntityType))
-                {
-                    report.PulledLogEntries++;
-                }
-            }
+            CountPulled(response.Changes, report);
 
             var advanced = !string.Equals(state.Cursor, response.NextCursor, StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
             state = Record(vaultId, state, response, report);
+            state = await CarrySweepAsync(vaultId, state, response, report, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
             await syncState.SaveAsync(state, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             if (!response.HasMore)
@@ -188,15 +178,22 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
         }
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Whether the server refused the cursor this client sent, rather than failing for some other reason.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>
-    /// Read from the problem code and not from the prose, which is free to change, and never claimed for a
-    /// request that carried no cursor: "from the beginning" is the one position a client is allowed to ask
-    /// for, so a rejection of <em>that</em> is a server this code cannot reason about and has to surface.
-    /// It is also what keeps the retry from looping — the restarted request sends no cursor.
-    /// </remarks>
+    private static void CountPulled(IReadOnlyList<SyncChange> changes, SyncReportBuilder report)
+    {
+        foreach (var change in changes)
+        {
+            report.Pulled++;
+
+            // Counted apart for the same reason the pushed ones are: a machine reads back the log entries it
+            // just wrote, so a pass that "pulled five changes" may have carried nothing anybody did. See
+            // SyncReport.PulledItems.
+            if (IsLog(change.EntityType))
+            {
+                report.PulledLogEntries++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>Whether a change is one the machine wrote about itself rather than one somebody made.</summary>
     /// <remarks>
     /// Used only for reporting. Log entries sync exactly like every other item — they are pulled, pushed,
@@ -206,10 +203,46 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
     private static bool IsLog(SyncEntityType type) =>
         type is SyncEntityType.ConnectionLogEntry or SyncEntityType.ActivityLogEntry;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whether the server refused the cursor this client sent, rather than failing for some other reason.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Read from the problem code and not from the prose, which is free to change, and never claimed for a
+    /// request that carried no cursor: "from the beginning" is the one position a client is allowed to ask
+    /// for, so a rejection of <em>that</em> is a server this code cannot reason about and has to surface.
+    /// It is also what keeps the retry from looping — the restarted request sends no cursor.
+    /// </remarks>
     private static bool WasTheCursorRefused(DodoSshApiException exception, string? cursor) =>
         !string.IsNullOrEmpty(cursor)
         && string.Equals(exception.Code, ProblemCodes.InvalidCursor, StringComparison.Ordinal);
 
+    /// <summary>Where the pull should carry on from, which is the start when the types it reads have changed.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// A cursor read under a different list of types is past changes of the types it did not ask for, so an
+    /// upgrade that adds one — SpelunkKey, ObjectStore — would never receive the items of that type made
+    /// before it. Starting over once is the only way to see them; applying is idempotent, which is what makes
+    /// the restart for a refused cursor safe as well. A state from before the list was kept has none and
+    /// starts over once for the same reason: it may already have missed some.
+    /// </remarks>
+    private async Task<StoredSyncState> ReadStateAsync(
+        Guid vaultId,
+        SyncReportBuilder report,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var state = await syncState.ReadAsync(vaultId, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        if (state.Cursor is not null && !string.Equals(state.PulledTypes, PulledTypes, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return await StartOverAsync(state, report, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        // A pull from nothing that is not a restart — the vault's first, or a cache reset — sweeps as well.
+        // There is usually nothing to remove; the one time there is, it is the same case.
+        return state is { Cursor: null, SweepMark: null }
+            ? await SweepingAsync(state, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)
+            : state;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Forgets this vault's position and reads the log again from the beginning.
     /// </summary>
@@ -234,44 +267,22 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
     /// cache itself is the thing in doubt.
     /// </para>
     /// <para>
-    /// That leaves one gap, and it is worth naming rather than leaving to be discovered: once the server
-    /// starts collecting tombstones — <c>DodoOptions.TombstoneRetentionDays</c>, not implemented yet — a
-    /// replay no longer carries a deletion older than the retention window. A machine that missed such a
-    /// delete and then had its cursor refused would keep the row. Nothing here can tell that from a row
-    /// the server still has, so the answer when it matters will be to clear the mirror as well, not to
-    /// guess.
+    /// A replay does not carry a deletion the server has collected — <c>DodoOptions.TombstoneRetentionDays</c>
+    /// — and that is the commonest refusal of all: a machine away longer than the retention. The rows it no
+    /// longer hears about are the ones the replay does not mark, and are swept when it ends; see
+    /// <see cref="CarrySweepAsync"/>.
     /// </para>
     /// <para>
     /// Written down before the replay begins, so a process that dies mid-replay starts the next one from
     /// the beginning as well, rather than meeting the same refusal again.
     /// </para>
     /// </remarks>
-    /// <summary>Where the pull should carry on from, which is the start when the types it reads have changed.</summary>
-    /// <remarks>
-    /// A cursor read under a different list of types is past changes of the types it did not ask for, so an
-    /// upgrade that adds one — SpelunkKey, ObjectStore — would never receive the items of that type made
-    /// before it. Starting over once is the only way to see them; applying is idempotent, which is what makes
-    /// the restart for a refused cursor safe as well. A state from before the list was kept has none and
-    /// starts over once for the same reason: it may already have missed some.
-    /// </remarks>
-    private async Task<StoredSyncState> ReadStateAsync(
-        Guid vaultId,
-        SyncReportBuilder report,
-        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-        var state = await syncState.ReadAsync(vaultId, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-        return state.Cursor is not null && !string.Equals(state.PulledTypes, PulledTypes, StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            ? await StartOverAsync(state, report, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)
-            : state;
-    }
-
     private async Task<StoredSyncState> StartOverAsync(
         StoredSyncState state,
         SyncReportBuilder report,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        var restarted = state with { Cursor = null };
+        var restarted = await SweepingAsync(state with { Cursor = null }, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         await syncState.SaveAsync(restarted, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
@@ -280,6 +291,68 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
         return restarted;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>The state with a sweep begun: a new mark, and the bound set from what the cache holds now.</summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The mark is random rather than the time, because a sweep must never share one with the last: rows that
+    /// one marked would count as seen by this one. A clock can stand still, or go back.
+    /// </remarks>
+    private async Task<StoredSyncState> SweepingAsync(StoredSyncState state, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        state with
+        {
+            SweepMark = BitConverter.ToInt64(RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(sizeof(long))),
+            SweepSeenUpTo = await items.HighestSequenceAsync(state.VaultId, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false),
+        };
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Marks what a pull from nothing has read, and at its end removes what it never did.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// The server forgets a deletion once it is past its retention. A machine that was away longer is
+    /// refused its cursor and reads everything again — and everything again is the items that still exist,
+    /// with nothing said about the ones that went. Without this their rows stayed here for good, and the
+    /// next edit of one put it back on the server for everybody.
+    /// </para>
+    /// <para>
+    /// A pull from nothing can take more than one pass, so the mark is in the stored state, not in memory.
+    /// Every pull from nothing sweeps — the first one ever as well, where there is nothing to remove. What
+    /// is kept, and why, is <see cref="ItemStore.SweepAsync"/>'s to say.
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    private async Task<StoredSyncState> CarrySweepAsync(
+        Guid vaultId,
+        StoredSyncState state,
+        SyncPullResponse response,
+        SyncReportBuilder report,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (state.SweepMark is not { } mark)
+        {
+            return state;
+        }
+
+        var read = response.Changes.Where(change => reconcilers.ContainsKey(change.EntityType)).ToList();
+
+        await items.MarkSeenAsync(
+            vaultId,
+            mark,
+            read.Select(change => (change.EntityType, change.EntityId)).ToList(),
+            cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        var seenUpTo = read.Aggregate(state.SweepSeenUpTo, (highest, change) => Math.Max(highest, change.ChangeSequence));
+
+        if (response.HasMore)
+        {
+            return state with { SweepSeenUpTo = seenUpTo };
+        }
+
+        report.Pruned += await items
+            .SweepAsync(vaultId, ItemKinds.SyncedTypes, mark, seenUpTo, cancellationToken)
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        return state with { SweepMark = null, SweepSeenUpTo = 0 };
+    }
+
     private StoredSyncState Record(
         Guid vaultId,
         StoredSyncState state,
@@ -794,6 +867,26 @@ public sealed class SyncEngine
 
         if (failure is null)
         {
+            // An edit of a version this machine once saw means the server had the item and has since let go
+            // of it: deleted elsewhere, and the deletion collected past its retention before this machine
+            // heard of it. The edit is the user's work and goes back, but not silently — somebody deleted
+            // this on purpose. A create has no expected version and is the ordinary case.
+            if (operation.ExpectedVersion is not null)
+            {
+                await conflicts.RecordAsync(
+                    vaultId,
+                    operation.EntityType,
+                    operation.EntityId,
+                    ConflictKind.RecreatedAfterCollection,
+                    ConflictDetails.Encode(
+                        "This was deleted elsewhere while this machine had unsaved changes to it, long enough ago "
+                        + "that the server no longer remembered the deletion. The changes were kept and the item "
+                        + "was put back."),
+                    cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                report.Recreated++;
+            }
+
             return true;
         }
 

src/DodoSSH.Client.Sync/SyncReport.cs

@@ -84,6 +84,17 @@ public sealed record SyncOptions
 /// changed anything, which is otherwise the sort of thing that looks like a fault.
 /// </para>
 /// </param>
+/// <param name="PushedLogEntries">How many of <paramref name="Pushed"/> were log entries.</param>
+/// <param name="PulledLogEntries">How many of <paramref name="Pulled"/> were log entries.</param>
+/// <param name="Recreated">
+/// Items this machine had edited that somebody else had deleted so long ago the server no longer
+/// remembered it. The edit was kept and the item sent again under its own name — and the user is told,
+/// because the deletion was somebody's decision.
+/// </param>
+/// <param name="Pruned">
+/// Items removed from this machine because a read from the beginning found the server no longer has them:
+/// deleted elsewhere while this machine was away for longer than the server keeps deletions.
+/// </param>
 public sealed record SyncReport(
     Guid VaultId,
     int Pulled,
@@ -99,11 +110,13 @@ public sealed record SyncReport(
     bool RoundsExhausted,
     bool ResyncedFromStart,
     int PushedLogEntries = 0,
-    int PulledLogEntries = 0)
+    int PulledLogEntries = 0,
+    int Recreated = 0,
+    int Pruned = 0)
 {
     /// <summary>Whether anything happened that a user should be told about.</summary>
     public bool NeedsAttention =>
-        Resurrected > 0 || DeletesAbandoned > 0 || Parked > 0 || Unreadable > 0 || RekeyRequired;
+        Resurrected > 0 || Recreated > 0 || DeletesAbandoned > 0 || Parked > 0 || Unreadable > 0 || RekeyRequired;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Operations the server accepted that were somebody's own work rather than a log entry.
@@ -160,6 +173,10 @@ internal sealed class SyncReportBuilder(Guid vaultId)
 
     internal bool ResyncedFromStart { get; set; }
 
+    internal int Recreated { get; set; }
+
+    internal int Pruned { get; set; }
+
     internal SyncReport Build() =>
         new(
             vaultId,
@@ -176,7 +193,9 @@ internal sealed class SyncReportBuilder(Guid vaultId)
             RoundsExhausted,
             ResyncedFromStart,
             PushedLogEntries,
-            PulledLogEntries);
+            PulledLogEntries,
+            Recreated,
+            Pruned);
 }
 
 /// <summary>The record written to the conflict log when a merge had to override something.</summary>

src/DodoSSH.Domain/Sync/SyncCursor.cs

@@ -19,10 +19,21 @@ namespace DodoSSH.Domain.Sync;
 /// The cursor also carries its vault id, so a legitimately-issued cursor for one vault cannot be
 /// replayed against another. See ADR 0003.
 /// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// And the vault's sync horizon when it was issued — the last deletion the server had forgotten. A cursor
+/// behind the horizon is refused when it is older than the collection, because its holder may still have the
+/// deleted item; it is fine when it is newer, because then it belongs to a read from the beginning that
+/// started after the collection, whose early pages are behind the horizon by nature. Position alone cannot
+/// tell those two apart. A cursor issued under no horizon keeps the first format, so a server from before
+/// this still reads it.
+/// </para>
 /// </remarks>
 public static class SyncCursor
 {
     private const string Version = "v1";
+
+    /// <summary>The format that carries a horizon as well.</summary>
+    private const string HorizonVersion = "v2";
     private const char Separator = '|';
 
     /// <summary>Length of the truncated HMAC tag. 128 bits is ample for a non-secret position.</summary>
@@ -37,7 +48,17 @@ public static class SyncCursor
     /// <param name="signingKey">Deployment cursor signing key, at least 32 bytes.</param>
     /// <param name="vaultId">Vault the cursor belongs to.</param>
     /// <param name="sequence">Last change sequence the client has consumed.</param>
-    public static string Encode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> signingKey, Guid vaultId, long sequence)
+    public static string Encode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> signingKey, Guid vaultId, long sequence) =>
+        Encode(signingKey, vaultId, sequence, horizon: 0);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Encodes a position, with the sync horizon it was read under.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="signingKey">Deployment cursor signing key, at least 32 bytes.</param>
+    /// <param name="vaultId">Vault the cursor belongs to.</param>
+    /// <param name="sequence">Last change sequence the client has consumed.</param>
+    /// <param name="horizon">The vault's sync horizon before the read that produced this position.</param>
+    public static string Encode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> signingKey, Guid vaultId, long sequence, long horizon)
     {
         RequireKey(signingKey);
 
@@ -46,7 +67,12 @@ public static class SyncCursor
             throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(sequence), sequence, "Sequence must not be negative.");
         }
 
-        var payload = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(FormatPayload(vaultId, sequence));
+        if (horizon < 0)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(horizon), horizon, "Horizon must not be negative.");
+        }
+
+        var payload = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(FormatPayload(vaultId, sequence, horizon));
 
         var buffer = new byte[payload.Length + TagLength];
         payload.CopyTo(buffer, 0);
@@ -70,10 +96,27 @@ public static class SyncCursor
         ReadOnlySpan<byte> signingKey,
         string? cursor,
         Guid expectedVaultId,
-        out long sequence)
+        out long sequence) =>
+        TryDecode(signingKey, cursor, expectedVaultId, out sequence, out _);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes and verifies a cursor, with the horizon it was issued under — zero for one issued under none.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="signingKey">Deployment cursor signing key.</param>
+    /// <param name="cursor">The cursor to verify.</param>
+    /// <param name="expectedVaultId">Vault the request is scoped to.</param>
+    /// <param name="sequence">The decoded sequence, when verification succeeds.</param>
+    /// <param name="horizon">The decoded horizon, when verification succeeds.</param>
+    public static bool TryDecode(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> signingKey,
+        string? cursor,
+        Guid expectedVaultId,
+        out long sequence,
+        out long horizon)
     {
         RequireKey(signingKey);
         sequence = 0;
+        horizon = 0;
 
         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(cursor))
         {
@@ -97,17 +140,26 @@ public static class SyncCursor
             return false;
         }
 
-        return TryParsePayload(payload, expectedVaultId, out sequence);
+        return TryParsePayload(payload, expectedVaultId, out sequence, out horizon);
     }
 
-    private static string FormatPayload(Guid vaultId, long sequence) =>
-        string.Create(
+    private static string FormatPayload(Guid vaultId, long sequence, long horizon) =>
+        horizon == 0
+            ? string.Create(
                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-            $"{Version}{Separator}{vaultId:D}{Separator}{sequence}");
+                $"{Version}{Separator}{vaultId:D}{Separator}{sequence}")
+            : string.Create(
+                CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                $"{HorizonVersion}{Separator}{vaultId:D}{Separator}{sequence}{Separator}{horizon}");
 
-    private static bool TryParsePayload(ReadOnlySpan<byte> payload, Guid expectedVaultId, out long sequence)
+    private static bool TryParsePayload(
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> payload,
+        Guid expectedVaultId,
+        out long sequence,
+        out long horizon)
     {
         sequence = 0;
+        horizon = 0;
 
         string text;
         try
@@ -122,12 +174,14 @@ public static class SyncCursor
         // Tagged, so the shape is ours — but parse defensively anyway, because a key rotation
         // could make an old format verify against a new expectation.
         var parts = text.Split(Separator);
-        if (parts.Length != 3)
+        var expectedParts = parts[0] switch
         {
-            return false;
-        }
+            Version => 3,
+            HorizonVersion => 4,
+            _ => 0,
+        };
 
-        if (!string.Equals(parts[0], Version, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        if (parts.Length != expectedParts)
         {
             return false;
         }
@@ -137,8 +191,13 @@ public static class SyncCursor
             return false;
         }
 
-        return long.TryParse(parts[2], NumberStyles.None, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out sequence)
-            && sequence >= 0;
+        if (!long.TryParse(parts[2], NumberStyles.None, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out sequence))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return expectedParts == 3
+            || long.TryParse(parts[3], NumberStyles.None, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out horizon);
     }
 
     private static void ComputeTag(

src/DodoSSH.Domain/Vaults.cs

@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@ public sealed class Vault
     /// <summary>Soft-delete marker.</summary>
     public DateTimeOffset? DeletedAtUtc { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The highest change-log sequence whose tombstone has been collected from this vault.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// A cursor below it may have been issued before a deletion this server no longer records, so a pull
+    /// from it is refused and the client starts over — see <c>TombstoneCollector</c> and ADR 0003. Zero until
+    /// anything has been collected.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public long SyncHorizon { get; set; }
+
     /// <summary>Wrapped vault keys, one per recipient per generation.</summary>
     public ICollection<VaultKeyGrant> KeyGrants { get; } = [];
 

src/DodoSSH.Infrastructure/Migrations/20261002151534_AddVaultSyncHorizon.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Migrations;
+
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace DodoSSH.Infrastructure.Migrations
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public partial class AddVaultSyncHorizon : Migration
+    {
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.AddColumn<long>(
+                name: "sync_horizon",
+                schema: "dodo",
+                table: "vault",
+                type: "bigint",
+                nullable: false,
+                defaultValue: 0L);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        protected override void Down(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
+        {
+            migrationBuilder.DropColumn(
+                name: "sync_horizon",
+                schema: "dodo",
+                table: "vault");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/DodoSSH.Infrastructure/Migrations/DodoDbContextModelSnapshot.cs

@@ -750,6 +750,10 @@ namespace DodoSSH.Infrastructure.Migrations
                         .HasColumnType("boolean")
                         .HasColumnName("rekey_required");
 
+                    b.Property<long>("SyncHorizon")
+                        .HasColumnType("bigint")
+                        .HasColumnName("sync_horizon");
+
                     b.Property<Guid?>("TeamId")
                         .HasColumnType("uuid")
                         .HasColumnName("team_id");

tests/DodoSSH.Api.Tests/SyncEndpointTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System.Net;
 using System.Net.Http.Json;
+using DodoSSH.Api.Features.Sync;
 using DodoSSH.Contracts;
 using DodoSSH.Domain;
 using DodoSSH.Infrastructure;
@@ -612,6 +613,209 @@ public sealed class SyncEndpointTests(ApiFixture fixture)
         tombstone.PlaintextFields.ShouldBeNull();
     }
 
+    // ---- Tombstone collection (ADR 0003) ----
+
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// A tombstone past its retention goes, with its change-log entries — and a client whose cursor is from
+    /// before it is refused, because it would otherwise never hear of the deletion. A client already past it
+    /// carries on, and a pull from nothing simply no longer offers the item.
+    /// </para>
+    /// <para>
+    /// The retention is crossed by moving the deletion back in time rather than by waiting it out.
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AnExpiredTombstone_IsCollected_AndACursorFromBeforeIt_IsRefused()
+    {
+        var (subject, vaultId) = await SeedUserWithVaultAsync();
+        var client = fixture.CreateClientFor(subject);
+
+        var create = NewCreateBatch();
+        var entityId = create.Operations[0].EntityId;
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), create);
+
+        var before = await PullAsync(client, vaultId, null);
+
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), new SyncPushRequest(
+        [
+            new SyncPushOperation(
+                Guid.CreateVersion7(), SyncEntityType.Host, entityId, SyncOperation.Delete,
+                ExpectedVersion: 1, Payload: null, PlaintextFields: null),
+        ]));
+
+        var after = await PullAsync(client, vaultId, before.NextCursor);
+
+        await AgeTheDeletionAsync(entityId);
+        await CollectAsync();
+
+        var refused = await client.PostContractAsync(PullUrl(vaultId), new SyncPullRequest(before.NextCursor, null, null));
+        refused.StatusCode.ShouldBe(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest);
+        (await refused.Content.ReadProblemAsync()).ShouldNotBeNull().Code.ShouldBe(ProblemCodes.InvalidCursor);
+
+        (await PullAsync(client, vaultId, after.NextCursor)).Changes.ShouldBeEmpty("a cursor past the deletion is fine");
+
+        (await PullAsync(client, vaultId, null)).Changes.ShouldNotContain(change => change.EntityId == entityId);
+    }
+
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// <para>
+    /// The client's way back after a refusal is to read from the beginning — and that read's own cursors are
+    /// behind the horizon whenever an item older than the collected deletion is still there, which is nearly
+    /// always. Refused on position alone, the second page sent the read back to the start, every time, for
+    /// good. The cursor carries the horizon it was issued under, and one issued since the collection passes.
+    /// </para>
+    /// <para>
+    /// One item a page, so the first page's cursor is the old item's position, well behind the horizon.
+    /// </para>
+    /// </remarks>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AReadFromTheBeginning_AfterACollection_IsNotRefusedOnItsOwnPages()
+    {
+        var (subject, vaultId) = await SeedUserWithVaultAsync();
+        var client = fixture.CreateClientFor(subject);
+
+        var old = NewCreateBatch();
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), old);
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), NewCreateBatch());
+
+        var doomed = NewCreateBatch();
+        var entityId = doomed.Operations[0].EntityId;
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), doomed);
+
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), new SyncPushRequest(
+        [
+            new SyncPushOperation(
+                Guid.CreateVersion7(), SyncEntityType.Host, entityId, SyncOperation.Delete,
+                ExpectedVersion: 1, Payload: null, PlaintextFields: null),
+        ]));
+
+        await AgeTheDeletionAsync(entityId);
+        await CollectAsync();
+
+        var seen = new List<Guid>();
+        string? cursor = null;
+
+        for (var page = 0; page < 5; page++)
+        {
+            var response = await client.PostContractAsync(PullUrl(vaultId), new SyncPullRequest(cursor, 1, null));
+
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldBe(HttpStatusCode.OK, $"page {page} was refused");
+
+            var body = (await response.Content.ReadContractAsync<SyncPullResponse>()).ShouldNotBeNull();
+            seen.AddRange(body.Changes.Select(change => change.EntityId));
+            cursor = body.NextCursor;
+
+            if (!body.HasMore)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        seen.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        seen.ShouldContain(old.Operations[0].EntityId);
+        seen.ShouldNotContain(entityId);
+    }
+
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The other half of the retention: a deletion younger than it stays, entries and all, so a machine that
+    /// has been away a week still hears of it.
+    /// </remarks>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ATombstoneInsideItsRetention_IsKept()
+    {
+        var (subject, vaultId) = await SeedUserWithVaultAsync();
+        var client = fixture.CreateClientFor(subject);
+
+        var create = NewCreateBatch();
+        var entityId = create.Operations[0].EntityId;
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), create);
+
+        var before = await PullAsync(client, vaultId, null);
+
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), new SyncPushRequest(
+        [
+            new SyncPushOperation(
+                Guid.CreateVersion7(), SyncEntityType.Host, entityId, SyncOperation.Delete,
+                ExpectedVersion: 1, Payload: null, PlaintextFields: null),
+        ]));
+
+        await CollectAsync();
+
+        var later = await PullAsync(client, vaultId, before.NextCursor);
+
+        later.Changes.ShouldHaveSingleItem().Operation.ShouldBe(SyncOperation.Delete);
+    }
+
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// An item edited many times kept an entry per edit for ever, and a client starting from nothing walked
+    /// every one of them. After a collection only the newest is left — and a client that held a cursor from
+    /// between the edits still gets the item, because what it had not seen yet is exactly that newest entry.
+    /// </remarks>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SupersededEntries_AreCompactedAway_WithoutCostingAnyClientTheItem()
+    {
+        var (subject, vaultId) = await SeedUserWithVaultAsync();
+        var client = fixture.CreateClientFor(subject);
+
+        var create = NewCreateBatch();
+        var entityId = create.Operations[0].EntityId;
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), create);
+
+        var between = await PullAsync(client, vaultId, null);
+
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), new SyncPushRequest(
+        [
+            NewOperation(entityId, expectedVersion: 1, envelope: [2, 2, 2]),
+        ]));
+
+        await client.PostContractAsync(PushUrl(vaultId), new SyncPushRequest(
+        [
+            NewOperation(entityId, expectedVersion: 2, envelope: [3, 3, 3]),
+        ]));
+
+        await CollectAsync();
+
+        await using (var scope = fixture.CreateScope())
+        {
+            var database = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<DodoDbContext>();
+
+            (await database.VaultChanges.CountAsync(c => c.EntityId == entityId, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken))
+                .ShouldBe(1);
+        }
+
+        (await PullAsync(client, vaultId, between.NextCursor)).Changes.ShouldHaveSingleItem().Version.ShouldBe(3);
+        (await PullAsync(client, vaultId, null)).Changes.Single(c => c.EntityId == entityId).Version.ShouldBe(3);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<SyncPullResponse> PullAsync(HttpClient client, Guid vaultId, string? cursor)
+    {
+        var response = await client.PostContractAsync(PullUrl(vaultId), new SyncPullRequest(cursor, null, null));
+
+        response.StatusCode.ShouldBe(HttpStatusCode.OK);
+
+        return (await response.Content.ReadContractAsync<SyncPullResponse>()).ShouldNotBeNull();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Moves a deletion back past the retention, which is quicker than waiting ninety days.</summary>
+    private async Task AgeTheDeletionAsync(Guid entityId)
+    {
+        await using var scope = fixture.CreateScope();
+        var database = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<DodoDbContext>();
+
+        var host = await database.Hosts.SingleAsync(h => h.Id == entityId, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        host.DeletedAtUtc = host.DeletedAtUtc!.Value.AddDays(-91);
+
+        await database.SaveChangesAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    private async Task CollectAsync()
+    {
+        await using var scope = fixture.CreateScope();
+
+        await scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<TombstoneCollector>().RunOnceAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+    }
+
     // ---- Batch limits ----
 
     [Fact]

tests/DodoSSH.Client.Sync.Tests/FakeVaultServer.cs

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ internal sealed class FakeVaultServer : ISyncApi
         SyncPullRequest request,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        var issuedUnder = horizon;
         var after = DecodeCursor(request.Cursor);
         var limit = Math.Clamp(request.Limit ?? MaxPullLimit, 1, MaxPullLimit);
 
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ internal sealed class FakeVaultServer : ISyncApi
 
         return Task.FromResult(new SyncPullResponse(
             [.. page.Select(entry => Hydrate(entry))],
-            EncodeCursor(next),
+            EncodeCursor(next, issuedUnder),
             hasMore,
             Now,
             KeyGeneration));
@@ -206,7 +207,25 @@ internal sealed class FakeVaultServer : ISyncApi
     internal Row? Find(Guid entityId, SyncEntityType entityType = SyncEntityType.Host) =>
         rows.TryGetValue((entityType, entityId), out var row) ? row : null;
 
-    private long Head => log.Count == 0 ? 0 : log[^1].Sequence;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Forgets every deletion, as the real server does once one is past its retention: the tombstone and
+    /// its log entries go, and a cursor from before them is refused from then on.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal void CollectTombstones()
+    {
+        foreach (var (key, row) in rows.Where(entry => entry.Value.IsDeleted).ToList())
+        {
+            rows.Remove(key);
+            log.RemoveAll(entry => entry.EntityType == key.Type && entry.EntityId == key.EntityId);
+            horizon = Math.Max(horizon, row.ChangeSequence);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>The newest sequence ever issued, which a collection must not take back.</summary>
+    private long Head => Math.Max(log.Count == 0 ? 0 : log[^1].Sequence, horizon);
+
+    /// <summary>The last deletion forgotten; see <see cref="CollectTombstones"/>.</summary>
+    private long horizon;
 
     // ---- The decision table ----
 
@@ -481,8 +500,12 @@ internal sealed class FakeVaultServer : ISyncApi
     /// rejects. The real server HMAC-tags them; the property that matters to the client is only that it
     /// must round-trip what it is given.
     /// </remarks>
-    private static string EncodeCursor(long sequence) =>
-        "fake-v1:" + sequence.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Carries the horizon it was read under, as the real one does, so a read from the beginning that started
+    /// after a collection is not refused on its own early pages. See <c>DodoSSH.Domain.Sync.SyncCursor</c>.
+    /// </remarks>
+    private static string EncodeCursor(long sequence, long issuedUnder = 0) =>
+        string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, $"fake-v1:{sequence}@{issuedUnder}");
 
     private long DecodeCursor(string? cursor)
     {
@@ -502,12 +525,26 @@ internal sealed class FakeVaultServer : ISyncApi
             return 0;
         }
 
+        var at = cursor.IndexOf('@', StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
         if (!cursor.StartsWith("fake-v1:", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || !long.TryParse(cursor.AsSpan(8), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var sequence))
+            || at < 0
+            || !long.TryParse(cursor.AsSpan(8, at - 8), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var sequence)
+            || !long.TryParse(cursor.AsSpan(at + 1), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var issuedUnder))
         {
             throw new InvalidOperationException($"A client sent a cursor it should not have: '{cursor}'.");
         }
 
+        if (sequence < horizon && issuedUnder < horizon)
+        {
+            // From before a deletion this server no longer remembers, so it could never be told of it.
+            throw new DodoSshApiException(
+                HttpStatusCode.BadRequest,
+                ProblemCodes.InvalidCursor,
+                "The server returned 400: The sync cursor is not valid for this vault. "
+                + "Resync from the beginning.");
+        }
+
         return sequence;
     }
 

tests/DodoSSH.Client.Sync.Tests/TombstoneCollectionTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+using DodoSSH.Client.Storage;
+using static DodoSSH.Client.Sync.Tests.SyncHarness;
+
+namespace DodoSSH.Client.Sync.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A machine away for longer than the server keeps deletions (ADR 0003).
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// The server forgets a deletion once it is past its retention and refuses any cursor from before it. The
+/// machine then reads everything again — which says nothing about what is gone — so what it held and did
+/// not read again is what has to go. Except the user's own unsent work, which is kept and said out loud.
+/// </remarks>
+public sealed class TombstoneCollectionTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AnItemDeletedAndForgottenWhileAway_IsRemovedByTheReadFromTheBeginning()
+    {
+        using var harness = await CreateAsync();
+
+        var gone = await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host("old-db"));
+        var kept = await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host("prod-db"));
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        await harness.Second.DeleteAsync(gone);
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        harness.Server.CollectTombstones();
+
+        var report = await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        report.ResyncedFromStart.ShouldBeTrue();
+        report.Pruned.ShouldBe(1);
+        (await harness.First.ListAsync()).Items.Select(item => item.EntityId).ShouldBe([kept]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task TheOnlyItemInAVault_IsRemovedAsWell()
+    {
+        // The read from the beginning brings back nothing at all, so a sweep bounded by what it read would
+        // reach nothing either. It is bounded by what the cache held when it started.
+        using var harness = await CreateAsync();
+
+        var gone = await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host("old-db"));
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        await harness.Second.DeleteAsync(gone);
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        harness.Server.CollectTombstones();
+
+        var report = await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        report.Pruned.ShouldBe(1);
+        (await harness.First.ListAsync()).Items.ShouldBeEmpty();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AnItemWithAnUnsentEdit_IsKept_PutBack_AndSaidSo()
+    {
+        using var harness = await CreateAsync();
+
+        var entityId = await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host("old-db"));
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        await harness.First.UpdateAsync(entityId, Host("old-db, still needed"));
+
+        await harness.Second.DeleteAsync(entityId);
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        harness.Server.CollectTombstones();
+
+        var report = await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+
+        report.Pruned.ShouldBe(0);
+        report.Recreated.ShouldBe(1);
+        report.NeedsAttention.ShouldBeTrue();
+
+        (await harness.First.FindAsync(entityId)).Secret.Label.ShouldBe("old-db, still needed");
+        harness.Server.Find(entityId).ShouldNotBeNull().IsDeleted.ShouldBeFalse();
+
+        (await harness.First.ConflictsAsync())
+            .ShouldContain(conflict => conflict.EntityId == entityId
+                && conflict.Kind == ConflictKind.RecreatedAfterCollection);
+
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        (await harness.Second.FindAsync(entityId)).Secret.Label.ShouldBe("old-db, still needed");
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task AReadSpreadOverSeveralPasses_SweepsAtTheEnd_AndKeepsWhatWasPushedMeanwhile()
+    {
+        // Pages per pass are capped, so the read from the beginning can take more than one pass, and what it
+        // has seen has to outlast each one. A host made here during it is pushed between the passes.
+        using var harness = await CreateAsync(new SyncOptions { PullPageSize = 1, MaxPullPages = 2 });
+
+        harness.Server.MaxPullLimit = 1;
+
+        var gone = await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host("old-db"));
+        var kept = new List<Guid>();
+
+        for (var index = 0; index < 4; index++)
+        {
+            kept.Add(await harness.Second.CreateAsync(Host($"host-{index}")));
+        }
+
+        // Settled by hand: one pass reads at most two pages, and each needs several.
+        for (var pass = 0; pass < 6; pass++)
+        {
+            await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+            await harness.First.SyncAsync();
+        }
+
+        await harness.Second.DeleteAsync(gone);
+        await harness.Second.SyncAsync();
+        harness.Server.CollectTombstones();
+
+        kept.Add(await harness.First.CreateAsync(Host("made-meanwhile")));
+
+        var pruned = 0;
+
+        for (var pass = 0; pass < 10; pass++)
+        {
+            pruned += (await harness.First.SyncAsync()).Pruned;
+
+            var state = await harness.First.SyncState.ReadAsync(VaultId, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+            if (state.SweepMark is null)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Mid-sweep, nothing has gone yet.
+            pruned.ShouldBe(0);
+            (await harness.First.ListAsync()).Items.Count.ShouldBe(6);
+        }
+
+        pruned.ShouldBe(1);
+        (await harness.First.ListAsync()).Items.Select(item => item.EntityId).ShouldBe(kept, ignoreOrder: true);
+        harness.Server.Find(kept[^1]).ShouldNotBeNull();
+    }
+}

tests/DodoSSH.Domain.Tests/Sync/SyncCursorTests.cs

@@ -152,6 +152,36 @@ public sealed class SyncCursorTests
         Should.Throw<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => SyncCursor.Encode(Key, VaultId, -1));
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void CarriesTheHorizonItWasIssuedUnder()
+    {
+        var cursor = SyncCursor.Encode(Key, VaultId, 12, horizon: 40);
+
+        SyncCursor.TryDecode(Key, cursor, VaultId, out var sequence, out var horizon).ShouldBeTrue();
+        sequence.ShouldBe(12);
+        horizon.ShouldBe(40);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void UnderNoHorizon_KeepsTheFirstFormat()
+    {
+        // So a server from before horizons, still running beside a newer one mid-deploy, reads what the newer
+        // one issues for every vault nothing has been collected from.
+        SyncCursor.Encode(Key, VaultId, 12, horizon: 0).ShouldBe(SyncCursor.Encode(Key, VaultId, 12));
+
+        SyncCursor.TryDecode(Key, SyncCursor.Encode(Key, VaultId, 12), VaultId, out _, out var horizon)
+            .ShouldBeTrue();
+        horizon.ShouldBe(0);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ACursorWithAHorizon_IsStillBoundToItsVault()
+    {
+        var cursor = SyncCursor.Encode(Key, OtherVaultId, 12, horizon: 40);
+
+        SyncCursor.TryDecode(Key, cursor, VaultId, out _, out _).ShouldBeFalse();
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void DifferentSequencesProduceDifferentCursors()
     {