DodoSSH/src/DodoSSH.Client.App/App.axaml.cs

using Avalonia;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
using Avalonia.Input.Platform;
using Avalonia.Markup.Xaml;
using Avalonia.Threading;
using DodoSSH.Client.App.Platform;
using DodoSSH.Client.App.Views;
using DodoSSH.Client.Auth;
using DodoSSH.Client.Session;
using DodoSSH.Client.Shell.Terminal;
using DodoSSH.Client.Shell.ViewModels;
using DodoSSH.Client.Ssh;
using DodoSSH.Client.Storage;
using DodoSSH.Client.Terminal;

namespace DodoSSH.Client.App;

/// <summary>
/// The Avalonia application.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Named <c>DodoSshApp</c> rather than the conventional <c>App</c> only because the assembly's root
/// namespace already ends in <c>App</c>, and a type whose name matches its namespace forces every
/// ambiguous reference to be fully qualified.
/// </remarks>
internal sealed partial class DodoSshApp : Application
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Where a <c>dodossh://</c> link goes once the shell exists; null until then.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Links can arrive before there is anything to hand them to — macOS delivers the one an application was
    /// opened with as an event shortly after launch, which may be while the splash is still up — so until
    /// <see cref="Compose"/> sets this, the latest is kept in <see cref="waitingLink"/>. Both are touched on
    /// the UI thread only.
    /// </remarks>
    private static Action<SpelunkLink>? openLink;

    /// <summary>A link that arrived before <see cref="openLink"/> was set. See there.</summary>
    private static SpelunkLink? waitingLink;

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public override void Initialize() => AvaloniaXamlLoader.Load(this);

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
    {
        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
        {
            ListenForOpenedLinks();
            ShowSomethingWhileComposing(desktop);
        }

        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Takes the links the platform hands a running application, which on macOS is every link.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// Windows and Linux start the executable with the link as an argument, and <c>Program.Main</c> reads it
    /// there — or passes it to the instance already running. macOS does neither: Launch Services sends the
    /// running application, or the one it has just started, an "open URL" event, which Avalonia raises as an
    /// activation. The scheme is declared for it in build/macos's Info.plist template.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// Checked exactly as a launch argument is, by <see cref="SpelunkLink.TryParse"/>; anything else is
    /// ignored. Where the lifetime offers no activation at all this does nothing, which is the answer on the
    /// desktops that deliver links as arguments instead.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private void ListenForOpenedLinks()
    {
        if (TryGetFeature(typeof(IActivatableLifetime)) is not IActivatableLifetime activatable)
        {
            return;
        }

        activatable.Activated += (_, e) =>
        {
            if (e is ProtocolActivatedEventArgs { Kind: ActivationKind.OpenUri, Uri: { } uri }
                && SpelunkLink.TryParse(uri.OriginalString, out var link))
            {
                Avalonia.Threading.Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => Receive(link));
            }
        };
    }

    /// <summary>Hands a link to the shell, or keeps it until there is one. UI thread only.</summary>
    private static void Receive(SpelunkLink link)
    {
        if (openLink is { } open)
        {
            open(link);
        }
        else
        {
            waitingLink = link;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Puts a window on screen first, and composes the application behind it.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// <b>The splash <em>is</em> the main window for a moment, which is what makes this work at all.</b> The
    /// desktop lifetime shows whatever <c>MainWindow</c> holds once this method returns and then runs the
    /// message loop; a window created here and merely shown would be a window with no lifetime attached, and
    /// with <c>ShutdownMode.OnLastWindowClose</c> the first close of anything would end the process. Handing
    /// the property over is one assignment, and Avalonia reads it lazily.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// <b>And composition is posted rather than called.</b> It is synchronous and takes long enough to be
    /// worth a splash in the first place — which is the whole argument for this method — so running it here
    /// would block the very dispatcher turn that has to paint the thing. Background priority puts it behind
    /// rendering, which is what makes this a painted window rather than merely a shown one.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private static void ShowSomethingWhileComposing(IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
    {
        var splash = new SplashWindow();

        desktop.MainWindow = splash;

        // Fully qualified, and it has to be: Application inherits an instance Dispatcher property from
        // AvaloniaObject, member lookup beats the namespace, and a static method here cannot reach an
        // instance property — so the unqualified name is a compile error rather than the type. Same below.
        Avalonia.Threading.Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(
            () => ComposeBehind(desktop, splash),
            DispatcherPriority.Background);
    }

    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// The order at the end is not interchangeable. <c>ShutdownMode</c> is <c>OnLastWindowClose</c>, so the
    /// real window is shown while the splash is still open and the splash is closed afterwards; closing the
    /// only window there is would end the process instead of handing it over.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// <b>A failure is caught rather than left to the dispatcher, and the splash is exactly why.</b> Before
    /// this method existed a composition that threw took the process with it and left nothing behind. Now
    /// there is something to leave behind — so an exception escaping a posted callback would abandon a window
    /// saying "Starting…" over a process that had stopped, which is worse than the crash it replaced. What
    /// arrives instead is the sentence and a way to close it.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private static void ComposeBehind(
        IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop,
        SplashWindow splash)
    {
        try
        {
            Compose(desktop);
        }
        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is not OutOfMemoryException)
        {
            splash.CouldNotStart(exception.Message);

            return;
        }

        desktop.MainWindow?.Show();
        splash.Close();
    }

    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// Composed by hand rather than through a container. The graph is a handful of objects deep and an
    /// indirection to read through would buy nothing at this size.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// Everything disposable is a local captured by the closures below rather than a field, because an
    /// Avalonia <c>Application</c> has no disposal hook of its own and a type that owned them would have
    /// nowhere honest to release them.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    /// <summary>
    /// Puts one line of text on the system clipboard.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The clipboard is reached through the window, and at composition time there is no window yet — hence
    /// a closure that looks it up on each call rather than a reference captured now. A machine with no
    /// clipboard falls through silently here; the view model is the one that decides what to say, and it
    /// distinguishes "no clipboard on this machine" from "copied" because they are different answers.
    /// <para>
    /// A delegate rather than handing the view model an <c>IClipboard</c>, so that nothing in the view
    /// models needs a visual and every test that drives them stays window-free.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private static Func<string, Task> ClipboardWriter(IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop) =>
        async text =>
        {
            if (TopLevel.GetTopLevel(desktop.MainWindow) is { Clipboard: { } clipboard })
            {
                await clipboard.SetTextAsync(text).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
        };

    /// <summary>Reads this machine's clipboard.</summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The other direction, looked up per call for the same reason and with the same fall-through. One
    /// caller: the terminal's right-click paste, which the renderer cannot serve itself — see
    /// <c>TerminalClientOpcode.ClipboardPaste</c>.
    /// </remarks>
    private static Func<Task<string?>> ClipboardReader(IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop) =>
        async () => TopLevel.GetTopLevel(desktop.MainWindow) is { Clipboard: { } clipboard }
            ? await clipboard.TryGetTextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false)
            : null;

    /// <summary>The terminal workspace, with its loopback listener already up.</summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Extracted so that constructing it and starting it cannot drift apart: the data plane's socket has to
    /// be listening before the renderer attaches, and a workspace handed out un-started is one whose first
    /// connect fails for a reason nothing on screen would explain.
    /// </remarks>
    private static TerminalWorkspace StartedWorkspace(SshNetConnectionFactory connections)
    {
        var workspace = new TerminalWorkspace(
            new AvaloniaTerminalAssetProvider(),
            connections,
            TimeProvider.System);

        workspace.Start();

        return workspace;
    }

    private static void Compose(IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
    {
        // ForChannel rather than Default, so a nightly keeps its cache, outbox and device key somewhere
        // the release build never opens. See ClientPaths.ForChannel for why sharing them is the failure
        // worth spending a directory on.
        var paths = ClientPaths.ForChannel(DesktopChannel.Name);
        var caches = ClientCacheFactory.ForFile(paths.CacheFile);

        // Known hosts live in the vault, so trust survives a restart and follows the user to every device.
        // Composed here, once, because the connection factory below needs it now and outlives every unlock;
        // the vault behind it is attached and detached as one is opened and locked. See VaultKnownHostStore
        // for why the handshake is answered from a snapshot rather than by reading the vault per lookup.
        var knownHosts = new VaultKnownHostStore();

        // One factory for both kinds of connection. Shells and file transfers start with the same handshake
        // and the same host key decision, and composing two would mean two snapshots of the pins.
        var connections = new SshNetConnectionFactory(knownHosts);

        var workspace = StartedWorkspace(connections);

        var browser = new SystemBrowserLauncher();

        // Both chosen once, here, because each is a property of the machine rather than of any session. A
        // Windows box with a usable TPM gets a consent prompt, a Mac with a Secure Enclave gets Touch ID, a
        // Linux box whose TPM this user may open gets a PIN the TPM checks — see PinPrompt — and anything
        // else gets a store that reports itself unavailable, so unlock keeps asking for the passphrase
        // (ADR 0007). The update channel answers the same shape of question about how this copy was
        // installed, and a build run from a checkout likewise gets one that says so. See ADR 0013.
        var deviceKeys = DesktopDeviceKeyStores.ForThisMachine(paths, PinPrompt(desktop));
        var updates = UpdateChannels.ForThisMachine();

        var viewModel = BuildShell(desktop, paths, caches, workspace, knownHosts, deviceKeys, connections,
            browser, updates);

        desktop.MainWindow = new MainWindow { DataContext = viewModel };

        // The other half of Program's claim on this profile: a second launch was refused, and this is what
        // answers it. Posted onto the UI thread because a pipe accept completes on a thread pool thread and
        // a window may only be touched from the thread that owns it — see SingleInstance.Listen.
        // A second launch's dodossh:// link comes the same way as this launch's own and macOS's: through
        // Receive on the UI thread, then MainWindowViewModel.OpenLink, which holds it until a vault is open.
        var others = SingleInstance.Listen(
            paths,
            () => Avalonia.Threading.Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => BringToFront(desktop.MainWindow)),
            link => Avalonia.Threading.Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => Receive(link)));

        openLink = viewModel.OpenLink;

        if ((waitingLink ?? Program.LaunchLink) is { } first)
        {
            waitingLink = null;
            viewModel.OpenLink(first);
        }

        // Started rather than awaited: the framework's initialisation must not block on a schema
        // migration. The view model shows its own progress and handles its own failures, which is why
        // discarding the task here is safe rather than merely convenient.
        _ = viewModel.StartAsync(CancellationToken.None);

        WireShutdown(desktop, viewModel, workspace, caches, others);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the window somebody has just asked for by launching the application again.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Un-minimised first, because activating a minimised window leaves it minimised and the launch would
    /// look ignored. <c>Activate</c> is a request rather than a guarantee — Windows refuses the foreground to
    /// a process that did not receive the input, and what happens then is a flashing taskbar button, which is
    /// still an answer. That is the platform's own rule about focus stealing and not a thing to work around.
    /// </remarks>
    private static void BringToFront(Window? window)
    {
        if (window is null)
        {
            return;
        }

        if (window.WindowState is WindowState.Minimized)
        {
            window.WindowState = WindowState.Normal;
        }

        window.Show();
        window.Activate();
    }

    /// <summary>Composes the shell itself, with everything this platform answers for it.</summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Split out of <see cref="Compose"/> for length rather than for reuse — it has one caller, and the
    /// method it came out of is at the limit the analyzers set.
    /// </remarks>
    private static MainWindowViewModel BuildShell(
        IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop,
        ClientPaths paths,
        ClientCacheFactory caches,
        TerminalWorkspace workspace,
        VaultKnownHostStore knownHosts,
        IDeviceKeyStore deviceKeys,
        SshNetConnectionFactory connections,
        SystemBrowserLauncher browser,
        IUpdateChannel updates) =>
        new(
            paths,
            caches,
            workspace,
            knownHosts,
            deviceKeys,
            async (url, cancellationToken) => await ServerConnection
                .SignInAsync(url, browser, TimeProvider.System, cancellationToken)
                .ConfigureAwait(false),
            TimeProvider.System,
            connections,
            passphraseProfile: null,

            // The other half of signing in: a refresh grant, no browser, and nobody present. It is what
            // makes a launch after the first one arrive online rather than merely enrolled.
            resume: async (url, refreshToken, cancellationToken) => await ServerConnection
                .ResumeAsync(url, refreshToken, TimeProvider.System, cancellationToken)
                .ConfigureAwait(false),

            copyToClipboard: ClipboardWriter(desktop),
            readClipboard: ClipboardReader(desktop),
            updates: updates,
            openInEditor: OpenInDefaultEditorAsync,
            watchFile: WatchFile);

    /// <summary>
    /// Hands a local file to whatever this machine opens that kind of file with.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// One of the two halves of editing a remote file in place, and both are this platform's rather than
    /// the shell's: what opens a <c>.conf</c> is a registry association, a desktop entry or a Launch
    /// Services binding depending on which desktop this is, and watching a file is a platform object with
    /// its own thread. The shell decides <em>when</em>; see <c>TransfersViewModel.EditRemoteAsync</c>.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// <c>UseShellExecute</c> is the whole of it, and it is what makes the same three lines work on all
    /// three desktops: Windows resolves the association, macOS goes through <c>open</c> and Linux through
    /// <c>xdg-open</c>, each of which .NET reaches for when the flag is set. Without it the path is treated
    /// as an executable to run, which for a <c>.conf</c> fails and for something else would be worse.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// The process is not waited on and is deliberately not kept: an editor may hand off to an already-open
    /// instance and exit at once, so its lifetime says nothing about whether the file is still being
    /// edited. What ends an edit session is the user saying so — see the file browser's STOP EDITING.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private static Task OpenInDefaultEditorAsync(string path)
    {
        using var opened = System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(
            new System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo(path) { UseShellExecute = true });

        return Task.CompletedTask;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Watches one file for saves, until the handle is disposed.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>
    /// ◆ <b>The directory is watched and the name filtered, which is not the same as watching the file.</b>
    /// A great many editors do not write in place: they write a temporary file beside the original and
    /// rename it over the top, which to a watcher pointed at an inode is the file disappearing. Watching the
    /// containing directory for that name catches the rename as a <c>Created</c>, which is what makes this
    /// work with the editors people actually use.
    /// </para>
    /// <para>
    /// <b>Every kind of change is one callback, and the shell debounces nothing.</b> One save can raise two
    /// or three events; what the shell does with each is stat the host and compare, which is a round trip
    /// but a small one, and the alternative — a timer here — is a delay before somebody's edit reaches the
    /// server for the sake of saving it.
    /// </para>
    /// </remarks>
    private static FileSystemWatcher WatchFile(string path, Action onChanged)
    {
        var watcher = new FileSystemWatcher(
            Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!, Path.GetFileName(path))
        {
            NotifyFilter = NotifyFilters.LastWrite | NotifyFilters.Size | NotifyFilters.FileName,
        };

        watcher.Changed += (_, _) => onChanged();
        watcher.Created += (_, _) => onChanged();
        watcher.Renamed += (_, _) => onChanged();

        watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;

        return watcher;
    }

    /// <summary>How the Linux device key store asks for a PIN, and the only thing that ever calls it.</summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// The lifetime is captured rather than the window, so this can be composed before there is one —
    /// composition runs first, and <c>DevicePinWindow.AskAsync</c> answers null when there is nothing to
    /// sit over. Windows and macOS never reach it: on those platforms the consent dialog is the operating
    /// system's and this process is not in the conversation. See ADR 0007.
    /// </remarks>
    private static Func<DevicePinPurpose, CancellationToken, ValueTask<string?>> PinPrompt(
        IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop) =>
        (purpose, cancellationToken) =>
            DevicePinWindow.AskAsync(() => desktop.MainWindow, purpose, cancellationToken);

    /// <remarks>
    /// Shutdown is deferred rather than blocked on. Sessions hold SSH connections and a listening socket, and
    /// blocking the UI thread on their disposal is how an application comes to take several seconds to close —
    /// or deadlocks, if any of that disposal needs the UI thread.
    /// </remarks>
    private static void WireShutdown(
        IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop,
        MainWindowViewModel viewModel,
        TerminalWorkspace workspace,
        ClientCacheFactory caches,
        IAsyncDisposable others)
    {
        var shuttingDown = false;

        desktop.ShutdownRequested += async (_, e) =>
        {
            if (shuttingDown)
            {
                return;
            }

            shuttingDown = true;
            e.Cancel = true;

            // The view model first: it holds the vault session, and disposing that is what zeroes the
            // identity keys, the vault keys and the cache key.
            await viewModel.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(true);
            await workspace.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(true);

            // Awaited rather than dropped, so the pipe name is free before this process is. It matters for
            // one caller and matters a lot there: an update relaunches this application, and a successor
            // that found the name still taken would be a second instance refusing itself.
            await others.DisposeAsync().ConfigureAwait(true);

            caches.Dispose();

            desktop.Shutdown();
        };
    }
}